CDC: West Nile Virus Symptoms

West Nile virus (WNV) is a potentially serious viral disease that is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), WNV is a leading cause of arboviral diseases, which are diseases caused by viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods.

What are the symptoms of West Nile virus?

WNV can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and can even lead to life-threatening complications. The symptoms of WNV typically develop within 3 to 14 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Common symptoms of WNV include:

1. Fever: A high fever, often accompanied by chills, is one of the most common symptoms of WNV.
2. Headache: Many people infected with WNV experience severe headaches, which can be debilitating.
3. Body aches: WNV patients often experience muscle and joint pain, which can be widespread and severe.
4. Rash: Some people may develop a rash on their skin, which can be a distinguishing feature of WNV infection.
5. Numbness or weakness: In severe cases, WNV can cause numbness or weakness in the face, arms, or legs.
6. Confusion: Some people infected with WNV may experience confusion, disorientation, or even hallucinations.
7. Seizures: In rare cases, WNV can cause seizures, which can range from mild to severe.

What are the complications of West Nile virus?

In severe cases, WNV can lead to serious complications, including:

1. Meningitis and encephalitis: WNV can cause inflammation of the lining around the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) and inflammation of the brain itself (encephalitis).
2. Acute flaccid paralysis: WNV can cause sudden and severe paralysis, often accompanied by respiratory failure.
3. Death: In rare cases, WNV can be fatal, especially in people over the age of 50.

How is West Nile virus diagnosed?

Doctors diagnose WNV based on:

1. Medical history: Patients are asked about their symptoms and medical history.
2. Physical exam: A physical examination is performed to check for signs of illness.
3. Blood tests: WNV is diagnosed using a blood test, which can detect the virus’s antibodies in the blood.
4. Other tests: In some cases, other tests such as a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) or imaging tests may be performed to rule out other conditions.

How is West Nile virus treated?

There is no specific treatment for WNV, but treatment is focused on managing symptoms and relieving pain. Patients may receive:

1. Pain relief: Medications to manage headaches, body aches, and other symptoms.
2. Fluid replacement: IV fluids to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
3. Anti-nausea medication: Medications to control nausea and vomiting.
4. Hospital care: In severe cases, WNV patients may require hospital care, including close monitoring and respiratory support.

Prevention and control

Preventing WNV infection is key to controlling the spread of the virus. The CDC recommends:

1. Insect repellent: Using insect repellent that contains DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus when outdoors.
2. Wear protective clothing: Wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and socks when outdoors.
3. Avoid peak mosquito hours: Avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito hours (dawn and dusk).
4. Eliminate breeding sites: Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to prevent mosquito breeding.

By understanding the symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of West Nile virus, individuals can take steps to prevent infection and reduce the risk of severe illness.